Killer Game Programming in Java
By Andrew Davison
Published 20 May, 2005
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| Source code below from: Killer Game Programming in Java By Andrew Davison Published 20 May, 2005 Average rating
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// ImagesTests.java // Andrew Davison, April 2005, ad@fivedots.coe.psu.ac.th /* Display a screen-full of images, exhibiting various animated effects. The images are loaded with the ImagesLoader object, so are defined as 'o', 'n', 's' and 'g' images. The single images (the 'o' images) can have various special effects applied to them. This is done by the programmer _manually_ editing paintComponent(). Sorry, no fancy GUI in this program :) The special effects are applied over a period of several 'ticks' of the panel's timer, and then repeat. The SFX methods: * resizingImage(): the image grows; * flippingImage(): keep flipping the image horizontally and vertically; * fadingImage(): the image smoothly fades away to nothing; * rotatingImage(): spin the image in a clockwise direction; * blurringImage(): make the image increasingly more blurred; * reddenImage(): turn the image ever more red; * brighteningImage(): keep turning up the image's brightness; * negatingImage(): keep switching betwen the image and its negative; * mixedImage(); keep mixing up the colours of the image; * teleportImage(): make the image fade, pixels at a time; * zapImage(): change the image to a mass of yellow and red pixels; ------ The 'n', 's', and 'g' images are animated by showing their component images one after another, in a cycle. The 'n' and 's' images use ImagesPlayer objects to do this. The 'g' example (the 'fighter) is animated via a counter and the updateFighter() method in this class. A Swing Timer is used to trigger the updates and redraws of the images every PERIOD ms. The 'cats', 'kaboom', 'cars', and 'fighter' images come from the SpriteLib sprite library of images by Ari Feldman at http://www.arifeldman.com/games/spritelib.html The basn6a08.png and basn6a16.png images come from the PNG Suite of Willem van Schaik at http://www.schaik.com/pngsuite/pngsuite.html */ import java.awt.*; import java.awt.event.*; import java.awt.image.*; import javax.swing.*; import javax.imageio.*; import java.io.*; import java.text.DecimalFormat; public class ImagesTests extends JPanel implements ActionListener, ImagesPlayerWatcher { private final static String IMS_FILE = "imsInfo.txt"; /* The file holding the 'o', 'n', 's', and 'g' image information, extracted with an ImagesLoader object. */ private static final int PERIOD = 100; // 0.1 secs /* A Swing timer is triggered every PERIOD ms to update and redraw the images. */ private static final int PWIDTH = 850; // size of this panel private static final int PHEIGHT = 400; private ImagesLoader imsLoader; // the image loader private int counter; private boolean justStarted; private ImageSFXs imageSfx; // the special effects class private GraphicsDevice gd; // for reporting accl. memory usage private int accelMemory; private DecimalFormat df; // hold the single 'o' images private BufferedImage atomic, balls, bee, cheese, eyeChart, house, pumpkin, scooter, fighter, ufo, owl, basn8, basn16; // for manipulating the 'n' and 's' images private ImagesPlayer numbersPlayer, figurePlayer, carsPlayer, catsPlayer, kaboomPlayer; // temporary BufferedImages used for the 'teleport' and 'zapping' effects private BufferedImage teleImage = null; private BufferedImage zapImage = null; public ImagesTests() { df = new DecimalFormat("0.0"); // 1 dp GraphicsEnvironment ge = GraphicsEnvironment.getLocalGraphicsEnvironment(); gd = ge.getDefaultScreenDevice(); accelMemory = gd.getAvailableAcceleratedMemory(); // in bytes System.out.println("Initial Acc. Mem.: " + df.format( ((double)accelMemory)/(1024*1024) ) + " MB" ); setBackground(Color.white); setPreferredSize( new Dimension(PWIDTH, PHEIGHT) ); // load and initialise the images imsLoader = new ImagesLoader(IMS_FILE); imageSfx = new ImageSFXs(); initImages(); counter = 0; justStarted = true; new Timer(PERIOD, this).start(); // start the Swing timer } // end of ImagesTests() private void initImages() { // initialize the 'o' image variables atomic = imsLoader.getImage("atomic"); balls = imsLoader.getImage("balls"); bee = imsLoader.getImage("bee"); cheese = imsLoader.getImage("cheese"); eyeChart = imsLoader.getImage("eyeChart"); house = imsLoader.getImage("house"); pumpkin = imsLoader.getImage("pumpkin"); scooter = imsLoader.getImage("scooter"); ufo = imsLoader.getImage("ufo"); owl = imsLoader.getImage("owl"); basn8 = imsLoader.getImage("basn6a08"); basn16 = imsLoader.getImage("basn6a16"); /* Initialize ImagesPlayers for the 'n' and 's' images. The 'numbers' sequence is not cycled, the other are. */ numbersPlayer = new ImagesPlayer("numbers", PERIOD, 1, false, imsLoader); numbersPlayer.setWatcher(this); // report the sequence's end back here figurePlayer = new ImagesPlayer("figure", PERIOD, 2, true, imsLoader); carsPlayer = new ImagesPlayer("cars", PERIOD, 1, true, imsLoader); catsPlayer = new ImagesPlayer("cats", PERIOD, 0.5, true, imsLoader); kaboomPlayer = new ImagesPlayer("kaboom", PERIOD, 1.5, true, imsLoader); // the 'g' image, the fighter is set using a filename prefix fighter = imsLoader.getImage("fighter", "left"); } // end of initImages() public void sequenceEnded(String imageName) // called by ImagesPlayer when its images sequence has finished { System.out.println( imageName + " sequence has ended"); } public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) // triggered by the timer: update, repaint { if (justStarted) // don't do updates the first time through justStarted = false; else imagesUpdate(); repaint(); } // end of actionPerformed() private void imagesUpdate() { // numbered images ('n' images); using ImagesPlayer numbersPlayer.updateTick(); if (counter%30 == 0) // restart the image sequence periodically numbersPlayer.restartAt(2); figurePlayer.updateTick(); // strip images ('s' images); using ImagesPlayer carsPlayer.updateTick(); catsPlayer.updateTick(); kaboomPlayer.updateTick(); // grouped images ('g' images) // The 'fighter' images are the only grouped images in this example. updateFighter(); } // end of imagesUpdate() private void updateFighter() /* The info in Images/imsInfo.txt for 'fighter' is: g fighter left.gif right.gif still.gif up.gif The counter is translated into a value which cycles through the four filename prefixes: left, right, still, up. The images are shown using their filename prefixes (although a positional approach could be used, which would allow an ImagesPlayer to be employed. */ { int posn = counter % 4; // number of fighter images; // could use imsLoader.numImages("fighter") switch(posn) { case 0: fighter = imsLoader.getImage("fighter", "left"); break; case 1: fighter = imsLoader.getImage("fighter", "right"); break; case 2: fighter = imsLoader.getImage("fighter", "still"); break; case 3: fighter = imsLoader.getImage("fighter", "up"); break; default: System.out.println("Unknown fighter group name"); fighter = imsLoader.getImage("fighter", "left"); break; } } // end of updateFighter() public void paintComponent(Graphics g) /* The special effects are applied to the single images inside paintComponent(). The single images are: * atomic : a GIF of an atom * balls : a JPEG of a group of coloured balls * bee : a GIF of a bee * cheese : a GIF of a block of cheese * eyeChart : a GIF of a black and white eye chart * house : a GIF of a house * pumpkin : an opaque PNG of a halloween cartoon pumpkin * scooter : a GIF of a scooter * ufo : a GIF of a flying saucer * owl : a transparent PNG of an owl * basn8 : a translucent PNG using a 8-bit alpha channel * basn16 : a translucent PNG using a 16-bit alpha channel All the GIFs have transparent elements, apart from eyeChart. */ { super.paintComponent(g); Graphics2D g2d = (Graphics2D)g; // use antialiasing g2d.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_ANTIALIASING, RenderingHints.VALUE_ANTIALIAS_ON); // smoother (and slower) image transformations (e.g. for resizing) g2d.setRenderingHint(RenderingHints.KEY_INTERPOLATION, RenderingHints.VALUE_INTERPOLATION_BILINEAR); // clear the background g2d.setColor(Color.blue); g2d.fillRect(0, 0, PWIDTH, PHEIGHT); // display current images // ------------------ single 'o' images --------------------- /* The programmer must manualy edit the code here in order to draw the 'o' images with different special effects. */ // drawImage(g2d, atomic, 10, 25); rotatingImage(g2d, atomic, 10, 25); // imageSfx.drawBlurredImage(g2d, atomic, 10, 25); // drawImage(g2d, balls, 110, 25); // blurringImage(g2d, balls, 110, 25); // negatingImage(g2d, balls, 110, 25); mixedImage(g2d, balls, 110, 25); // drawImage(g2d, bee, 210, 25); //rotatingImage(g2d, bee, 210, 25); teleImage = teleportImage(g2d, bee, teleImage, 210, 25); // drawImage(g2d, cheese, 310, 25); flippingImage(g2d, cheese, 310, 25); // mixedImage(g2d, cheese, 310, 25); // drawImage(g2d, eyeChart, 410, 25); // reddenImage(g2d, eyeChart, 410, 25); blurringImage(g2d, eyeChart, 410, 25); // teleImage = teleportImage(g2d, eyeChart, teleImage, 410, 25); // drawImage(g2d, house, 540, 25); reddenImage(g2d, house, 540, 25); // imageSfx.drawRedderImage(g2d, house, 540, 25, 5.0f); // drawImage(g2d, pumpkin, 710, 25); // imageSfx.drawBrighterImage(g2d, pumpkin, 710, 25, 2.0f); // brighteningImage(g2d, pumpkin, 710, 25); zapImage = zapImage(g2d, pumpkin, zapImage, 710, 25); // drawImage(g2d, scooter, 10, 160); // flippingImage(g2d, scooter, 10, 160); // imageSfx.drawNegatedImage(g2d, scooter, 10, 160); // blurringImage(g2d, scooter, 10, 160); brighteningImage(g2d, scooter, 10, 160); // drawImage(g2d, ufo, 110, 140); fadingImage(g2d, ufo, 110, 140); // zapImage = zapImage(g2d, ufo, zapImage, 110, 140); // drawImage(g2d, owl, 450, 250); negatingImage(g2d, owl, 450, 250); // brighteningImage(g2d, owl, 450, 250); // resizingImage(g2d, owl, 450, 250); // drawImage(g2d, basn8, 650, 250); // resizingImage(g2d, basn8, 650, 250); mixedImage(g2d, basn8, 650, 250); // drawImage(g2d, basn16, 750, 250); resizingImage(g2d, basn16, 750, 250); // imageSfx.drawNegatedImage(g2d, basn16, 750, 250); /* The following lines do _not_ need to be edited. */ // --------------- numbered images ------------------- drawImage(g2d, numbersPlayer.getCurrentImage(), 280, 140); drawImage(g2d, figurePlayer.getCurrentImage(), 550, 140); // --------------- strip images ---------------------- drawImage(g2d, catsPlayer.getCurrentImage(), 10, 235); drawImage(g2d, kaboomPlayer.getCurrentImage(), 150, 250); drawImage(g2d, carsPlayer.getCurrentImage(), 250, 250); // --------------- grouped images -------------------- drawImage(g2d, fighter, 350, 250); // ----------- reportAccelMemory(); // increment the counter, modulo 100 counter = (counter + 1)% 100; // 0-99 is a large enough range } // end of paintComponent() private void drawImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Draw the image, or a yellow box with ?? in it if there is no image. */ { if (im == null) { // System.out.println("Null image supplied"); g2d.setColor(Color.yellow); g2d.fillRect(x, y, 20, 20); g2d.setColor(Color.black); g2d.drawString("??", x+10, y+10); } else g2d.drawImage(im, x, y, this); } // end of drawImage() private void reportAccelMemory() // report any change in the amount of accelerated memory { int mem = gd.getAvailableAcceleratedMemory(); // in bytes int memChange = mem - accelMemory; if (memChange != 0) System.out.println(counter + ". Acc. Mem: " + df.format( ((double)accelMemory)/(1024*1024) ) + " MB; Change: " + df.format( ((double)memChange)/1024 ) + " K"); accelMemory = mem; } // end of reportAcceleMemory() // ----------------- methods that use ImageSFXs class --------------------- /* Most of the methods here support animated effects: effects which gradually change over a series of timer ticks (i.e. animation frames). The actual effect (e.g. fading) is obtained by calling the relevant method in ImageSFXs. The animation is 'hacked' together by examining the current counter value (which is incremented on each 'tick' of the timer (modulo 100). The counter value is used in some way to vary the input arguments to the ImageSFXs method. */ private void resizingImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Gradually resize the image, scaling it by the same amount along the x- and y- axes. The image is unaffected, since the operation writes to the screen. The ImageSFXs method used is drawResizedImage() which uses drawImage() rather than AffineTransforms, so is faster. */ { double sizeChange = (counter%6)/2.0 + 0.5; // gives 0.5 -- 3 imageSfx.drawResizedImage(g2d, im, x, y, sizeChange, sizeChange); } // end of resizingImage() private void flippingImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Flip the image horizontally, vertically or both (a double flip). The method cycles through these based on the counter value. The ImageSFXs method used is getFlippedImage(). The flipping uses drawImage() rather than AffineTransforms, so is faster. getFlippedImage() returns a new BufferedImage, but it is not saved globally in this example. */ { BufferedImage flipIm = null; if (counter%4 == 0) flipIm = im; // no flipping else if (counter%4 == 1) flipIm = imageSfx.getFlippedImage(im, ImageSFXs.HORIZONTAL_FLIP); else if (counter%4 == 2) flipIm = imageSfx.getFlippedImage(im, ImageSFXs.VERTICAL_FLIP); else flipIm = imageSfx.getFlippedImage(im, ImageSFXs.DOUBLE_FLIP); drawImage(g2d, flipIm, x, y); } // end of flippingImage() private void fadingImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Gradually fade out the image over the space of 25 frames, then start again. The fade is continuous across the entire image rather than pixelated as in teleportImage() (see below). The image is unaffected, since the operation writes to the screen. The ImageSFXs method used is drawFadedImage() which uses an AlphaComposite operation. When alpha == 0 the image will be invisible. */ { float alpha = 1.0f - (((counter*4)%100)/100.0f); imageSfx.drawFadedImage(g2d, ufo, x, y, alpha); } // end of fadingImage() private void rotatingImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Rotate the image in steps of 10 degrees in a clockwise direction, using the image's center as the center of rotation. A copy of the image is rotated. Image clipping may occur if the image doesn't have sufficient transparent space around it. The ImageSFXs method used is getRotatedImage() which uses a AffineTransform operation. */ { int angle = (counter * 10) % 360; // System.out.println("Im width/height: " + im.getWidth() + ", " + // im.getHeight() ); BufferedImage rotIm = imageSfx.getRotatedImage(im, angle); drawImage(g2d, rotIm, x, y); } // end of rotatingImage() private void blurringImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Increasingly blur the image over a period of 8 frames, then start again with the original image. The image is unaffected, since the operation writes to the screen. Any alpha component is unaffected. The ImageSFXs method used is drawBlurredImage() which uses a ConvolveOp. The increased bluriness is achieved by making the ConvolveOp's matrix bigger. The size of the matrix is determined by the fadeSize value supplied here. */ { int fadeSize = (counter%8)*2 + 1; // gives 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15 if (fadeSize == 1) drawImage(g2d, im, x, y); // start again with the original image else imageSfx.drawBlurredImage(g2d, im, x, y, fadeSize); } // end of blurringImage() private void reddenImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Increase the redness of the image over a period of 21 frames, then start again with the original colours. The image is unaffected, since the operation writes to the screen. As the redness increases, the amount of blue and green decreases. Any alpha component is unaffected. The ImageSFXs method used is drawRedderImage(). There are two versions of it in ImageSFXs: one uses a LookupOp, the other a RescaleOp. Currently the RescaleOp version is commented out. Functionally, there is no difference between them. */ { float brightness = 1.0f + (((float) counter%21)/10.0f); // gives values in the range 1.0-3.0, in steps of 0.1 if (brightness == 1.0f) drawImage(g2d, im, x, y); // start again with the original image else imageSfx.drawRedderImage(g2d, im, x, y, (float) brightness); } // end of reddenImage() private void brighteningImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Increase the brighness of the image over a period of 9 frames, then start again with the original colours. The image is unaffected, since the operation writes to the screen. Any alpha component is unaffected. The ImageSFXs method used is drawBrighterImage() which uses a RescaleOp. */ { int brightness = counter%9; // gives 0-8 if (brightness == 0) drawImage(g2d, im, x, y); // start again with the original image else imageSfx.drawBrighterImage(g2d, im, x, y, (float) brightness); } // end of brighteningImage() private void negatingImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Flip between the original image and its negative depending on the counter value. The ImageSFXs method used is drawNegatedImage(). */ { if (counter%10 < 5) // show the negative imageSfx.drawNegatedImage(g2d, im, x, y); else // show the original drawImage(g2d, im, x, y); } // end of negatingImage() private void mixedImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, int x, int y) /* Flip between the original image and mixed up coloured versions depending on the counter value. The ImageSFXs method used is drawMixedColouredImage(). */ { if (counter%10 < 5) // mix it up imageSfx.drawMixedColouredImage(g2d, im, x, y); else // show the original for a while drawImage(g2d, im, x, y); } // end of mixedImage() private BufferedImage teleportImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, BufferedImage teleIm, int x, int y) /* The 'teleport' effect is the gradual disappearance of the image, over the course of 7 frames (after which the effect repeats). Individual pixels are made 0, which results in transparency. This pixelated effect should be compared with the smoother fading offered by fadingImage() (see above). The changes are applied to a copy of the image (stored in the global teleImage). The copy is assigned an alpha channel if the original does not have one, to ensure that the image becomes transparent (rather than black). The ImageSFXs method used is eraseImageParts(). Its second argument specifies that the affected pixels are located in the image's pixel array at positions which are multiple of the supplied number. */ { if (teleIm == null) { // start the effect if (imageSfx.hasAlpha(im)) teleIm = imageSfx.copyImage(im); else // no alpha channel teleIm = imageSfx.makeTransImage(im); // give the copy an alpha channel } int eraseSteps = counter%7; // range is 0 to 6 switch(eraseSteps) { case 0: // restart the effect if (imageSfx.hasAlpha(im)) teleIm = imageSfx.copyImage(im); else // not transparent teleIm = imageSfx.makeTransImage(im); break; case 1: imageSfx.eraseImageParts(teleIm, 11); // every 11th pixel to go break; case 2: imageSfx.eraseImageParts(teleIm, 7); // every 7th pixel break; case 3: imageSfx.eraseImageParts(teleIm, 5); // 5th break; case 4: imageSfx.eraseImageParts(teleIm, 3); // 3rd break; case 5: imageSfx.eraseImageParts(teleIm, 2); // every 2nd pixel break; case 6: imageSfx.eraseImageParts(teleIm, 1); break; // every pixel to go, i.e. fully erased default: System.out.println("Unknown count for teleport"); break; } // end switch drawImage(g2d, teleIm, x, y); return teleIm; } // end of teleportImage() private BufferedImage zapImage(Graphics2D g2d, BufferedImage im, BufferedImage zapIm, int x, int y) /* 'zap' means the gradually changing of the image's visible parts to a random mix of red and yellow pixels. The amount changed increases over the course of the effect (11 frames). The changes are applied to a copy of the image (stored in the global zapImage). After 11 frames, the image is restored, and the effect begins again. The amount of 'zapping' is controlled by the likelihood value which increases from 0 to 1. The method used in ImageSFXs is zapImageParts() */ { if ((zapIm == null) || (counter%11 == 0)) zapIm = imageSfx.copyImage(im); // restart the effect else { double likelihood = (counter%11)/10.0; // produces range 0 to 1 imageSfx.zapImageParts(zapIm, likelihood); } drawImage(g2d, zapIm, x, y); return zapIm; } // end of zapImage() // -------------------------------------------- public static void main(String args[]) { // switch on translucency acceleration in Windows System.setProperty("sun.java2d.translaccel", "true"); // System.setProperty("sun.java2d.ddforcevram", "true"); // switch on hardware acceleration if using OpenGL with pbuffers // System.setProperty("sun.java2d.opengl", "true"); ImagesTests ttPanel = new ImagesTests(); // create a JFrame to hold the test JPanel JFrame app = new JFrame("Image Tests"); app.getContentPane().add(ttPanel, BorderLayout.CENTER); app.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); app.pack(); app.setResizable(false); app.setVisible(true); } // end of main() } // end of ImagesTests class